Research & Sampling Tools

Expose the arithmetic behind a field or coding plan. Translate site visits into observer-hours, place equal points along a transect, summarize quadrat density, allocate a fixed sample across population strata and compare two categorical coding lists with percent agreement and Cohen kappa.

None of these outputs validates a study design. Representativeness, randomization, detection probability, uncertainty, missing data, codebook quality and ethics remain protocol decisions. Each page states the calculation and warns where a simple summary can be misread.